♣Foods I- Food Selection, Preparation & Cooking♣

T.L.E. 10

Food Selection - the ability to select beneficial food. Many animals are able to select the right kind of food as a result of their innate preferences. Others are able to learn rapidly what kinds of food are good for them and what bad.

Food Preparation -is the act of preparing foodstuffs for consumption. Many types of food preparation involve heating the food ingredients, however other types of preparation involve chemical, biological, or mechanical means.

☻Chemical techniques:☻

• Brining
• Ceviche
• Drying
• Fermentation
• Marinating
• Pickling
• Salting
• Smoking
• Souring
• Sprouting
• Sugaring

☻Mechanical techniques:☻

• Chopping
• Dicing
• Grinding
• Julienning
• Kneading
• Mincing
• Peeling
• Shaving
• Blending
• Basting
• Grating
• Mixing

Cooking -is the process of preparing food by applying heat. Cooks select and combine ingredients using a wide range of tools and methods. In the process, the flavor, texture, appearance, and chemical properties of the ingredients can change. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, reflecting unique environmental, economic, and cultural traditions. Cooks themselves also vary widely in skill and training.

☻Cooking methods☻

There are very many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, sauteing, stewing, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time. The method chosen greatly affects the end result. Some foods are more appropriate to some methods than others.


♥Chicken Cordon Bleu♥

Ingredients:
4 skinless, boneless chicken breast halves
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper
6 slices Swiss cheese
4 slices cooked ham
1/2 cup seasoned bread crumbs

Directions:
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Coat a 7x11 inch baking dish with nonstick cooking spray.
Pound chicken breasts to 1/4 inch thickness. Sprinkle each piece of chicken on both sides with salt and pepper.
Place 1 cheese slice and 1 ham slice on top of each breast. Roll up each breast, and secure with a toothpick.
Place in baking dish, and sprinkle chicken evenly with bread crumbs. Bake for 30 to 35 minutes, or until chicken is no longer pink. Remove from oven, and place 1/2 cheese slice on top of each breast.
Return to oven for 3 to 5 minutes, or until cheese has melted. Remove toothpicks, and serve immediately.

♥Basic Carpentry and Plumbing♥
T.L.E. 60

Carpenter - is a skilled craftsperson who performs carpentry. Carpenters work with wood to construct, install and maintain buildings, furniture, and other objects. The work may involve manual labor and work outdoors.

Joinery- is a part of woodworking that involves joining together pieces of wood to create furniture, structures, toys, and other items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness,appearance - derive from the properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the joints.

♥Traditional Woodworking Joints♥

• Butt joint -the end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece of wood. This is the simplest and weakest joint.
• Miter joint -similar to a butt joint, but both pieces have been cut at a 45 degree angle.
• Lap joints - one piece of wood will overlap another.
• Box joint - also called a finger joint, used for the corners of boxes. It involves several lap joints at the ends of two boards.
• Dovetail joint- a form of box joint where the fingers are locked together by diagonal cuts.
• Edge joint- the edges of two boards are joined.
• Dado joint-a slot is cut across the grain in one piece for another piece to set into; shelves on a bookshelf having slots cut into the sides of the shelf, for example.
• Groover joint- the slot is cut with the grain.
• Tongue and groove- each piece has a groove cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge (the tongue) on the opposite edge. If the tongue is unattached, it is considered a spline joint.
• Mortise and tenon- a stub (the tenon) will fit tightly into a hole cut for it (the mortise). This is a hallmark of Mission Style furniture, and also the traditional method of jointing frame and panel members in doors, windows, and cabinets.

Plumbing - from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes were once made from lead is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste.
A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes.

♥Basic Electronics♥

T.L.E. 90

Electronics - is the branch of science and technology which makes use of the controlled motion of electrons through different media and vacuum. The ability to control electron flow is usually applied to information handling or device control.

Atom - is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged eletrons.

Eletrons - is a subatomic particle carrying a negative electric charge. It has no known components or substructure, and elementary particle. Protons is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. Neutrons is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than of a proton.

Matter- is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects are made includes atoms and particles which have mass. Matter is commonly said to exist in four states: solid,liquid, gas and plasma.

Sources of voltage:

*Chemical- battery

*Photoelectric- solid

*Generator- magnetisn

*Thermocouple(heat)

Types of Current

Direct Current - the flow of electric charge is only in one direction.

Alternating Current - the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction.

Pulsating Direct Current - is a direct current that changes in value at regular or irregular intervals.

Ohm's law - states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potentail difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:

where V is the potential difference measured across the resistance in units of volts; I is the current through the resistance in units of amperes and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.

The law was named after the German physicist George Ohm who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly more complex equation than the one above to explain his experimental results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law.

In physics, the term Ohm's law is also used to refer to various generalizations of the law originally formulated by Ohm. The simplest example of this is:

where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric field at that location, and σ is a material dependent parameter called the conductivity . This reformulation of Ohm's law is due to Gustav Kirchhoff.

Power supply - is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

A power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or secondary sources of energy such as:

• Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage, typically involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.
• Batteries
• Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems
• Solar power
• Generators or alternators

Constraints that commonly affect power supplies are the amount of power they can supply, how long they can supply it without needing some kind of refueling or recharging, how stable their output voltage or current is under varying load conditions, and whether they provide continuous power or pulses.

A regulated power supply is one that includes circuitry to tightly control the output voltage and/or current to a specific value. The specific value is closely maintained despite variations in the load presented to the power supply's output, or any reasonable voltage variation at the power supply's input.

Regulated Power supply

Am receiver - is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna , uses electronics to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through demodulation the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions, etc.

In consumer electronics, radio receiver are often used specifically for receivers designed for the sound signals transmitted by radio broadcasting services – historically the first mass-market radio application.

☻Handicrafts☻

T.L.E. 51

Handicraft - also known as craft work, a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods.

Cross-stitch- is a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture. Cross-stitch is usually executed on easily countable evenweave fabric called aida cloth. The stitcher counts the threads in each direction so that the stitches are of uniform size and appearance. This form of cross-stitch is also called counted cross-stitch in order to distinguish it from other forms of cross-stitch. Sometimes cross-stitch is done on designs printed on the fabric such as stamped cross-stitch; the stitcher simply stitches over the printed pattern.

♦Cross Stitch Diagram♦

Crochet- is a process of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet derived from the French word "crochet", meaning hook. Crocheting, similar to knitting consists of pulling loops of yarn through other loops. Crochet differs from knitting in that only one loop is active at one time .

Pottery - is the ceramic ware made by potters.The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery (plural potteries).Pottery can also refer to the material of which the potteryware is made. Major types of pottery include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies and art-forms, and remains a major industry today.

♣Clothing and Grooming♣

T.L.E. 40

♠Circular Skirt Making♠

☺Method:☺

Cutting out will be explained first, then measuring. It is easiest to have fabric of sufficient width for the length required. The cutting diagrams assume this. The skirt is made of two semicircles, each cut on a fold. Firstly, the fabric must be folded so that one of the semicircles can be drawn across the fold, and the seam allowance taken from the selvage: Leaving a seam allowance at the selvedge (x) - 1.5cm (5/8") is usual - two measurements are made from the fold to the edge: the first (a) for the opening, and the second for the skirt length (b). Using a measure and pins or chalk, these two measurements are repeated from the inside of the seam allowance towards the open edge

• Having cut the first piece, the fabric is then re-folded to allow maximum usage, with the second piece cut on the opposite edge.

☻Finish Product☻

Materials:

Soft cloth

Zipper

Scissor

Hook & Eye

Thread

Procedure:

1. Sew the CB seam.
2. Prepare and attach the zipper.
3. Prepare and attach the waistband.
4. Hem the lower portion of the skirt.
5. Attach the hook and eye.
6. Remove the hanging threads.

Manicure- is a cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands performed at home or in a nail salon by a licensed professional nail technician or manicurist. A manicure treatment is not only a treatment for the natural nails but also for the hands. A manicure consists of filing, shaping of the free edge, treatments, massage of the hand and the application of polish. There are also manicure services that are specialities for the hands and feet. For the hands, the soaking of a softening substance and the application of a lotion is a common speciality. This procedure can be applied to the toenails and feet, this treatment is referred to as a Pedicure. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: manus for "hand," cura for "care."

♣Metalwork and Welding♣

T.L.E. 70

Metalworking- is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewellery. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.

Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools and adornments. Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting or joining processes. Today's machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, useful workpiece.

♣Metalworking Handtools♣

Calipers-are measuring devices typically employed by Engineers to determine distance between two opposing sides. Different types of Caliper exist to measure in different situations, inside and outside of a tube for example.

Deburring Cutters-are ideal for deburring holes which have been drilled into steel. Deburring Cutters are used by engineers and metalworkers alike.

Metric Die Nuts- are an Engineers hand tool designed for cutting a thread onto a preformed cylindrical rod. Tap and Die Nuts allow for the rod to take on the function of a bolt once it has been threaded.

Edge Finders- are an Engineering tool used for finding the edge of pieces of metal, when put into the chuck of a machine tool.

Hand Reamers -are ideal for making holes more accurate dimensionally and also improve the quality of the surface. Reamers are a key machining and engineering tool and used by metalworkers and engineers alike.

Hole Punch Keys -are Hexagon Keys designed specifically for Q.Max Hole Punches.

Silver Steel- is used as tooling steel; it is supplied in centre-less round bars. Silver Steel is much like carbon steel; however, it usually contains small amounts of chromium, which improves the wear resistance of the metal.

Vernier Gauges- are ideal for measuring the distance between parallel sides. Vernier Callipers clamp onto the item which is being measured and can therefore give an accurate reading of its dimensions on the ruled distance found along the bar.

Screw Extractors -are ideal for removing broken bolts and screws. Screw Extractors are inserted into the drilled hole and have a tapered thread so that extraction of the screw becomes easier.

Locking Clamps- are used for binding and holding metal together. Locking Clamps lock into place to that it allows for a hands free clamp making work far easier.

Feeler Gauges -are use to measure gap-widths. They are used by engineers to measure the clearance between two parts.

Welding- is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually meatls or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material 'weld pool' that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the workpieces.

♠Safety Issues:♠

Arc welding with a welding helmet, gloves, and other protective clothing

Welding, without the proper precautions, can be a dangerous and unhealthy practice. However, with the use of new technology and proper protection, risks of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, the risk of burns and fire is significant; this is why it is classified as a hot work process. To prevent them, welders wear personal protective equipment in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Goggles and welding helmets with dark face plates are worn to prevent this exposure, and in recent years, new helmet models have been produced that feature a face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to high amounts of UV light. To protect bystanders, translucent welding curtains often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a polyvinyl chloride plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc, but should not be used to replace the filter glass used in helmets.

☻Foods III- Food Processing☻
T.L.E. 12

Food processing - is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by the food processing industry. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products.

Preservation -is to protect something, that might include endangered animals, to keep them safe or to preserve food, remaining fresh for longer periods of time.

Mango Pineapple Jam