♣Agricultural Arts♣
T.L.E. 20

Agriculture - is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated anilmals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surplaces that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.

♥Organic Pesticide♥

Organic pesticide - is an organic chemical, meaning that the molecule consists mainly of a carbon skeleton plus other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or chlorine. By this definition, nearly all pesticides are organic, while only a few are inorganic, such as copper sulfate, cryolite, lead arsenate, mercurous chloride and phosphine. A pesticide that is claimed to be environmentally friendly. By this definition, very few pesticides are organic. Claims that a pesticide is environmentally friendly should be viewed with scepticism.

♥Bokashi♥

Bokashi products - being used increasingly to create powerful natural fertilisers and compost for home garden, reducing agricultural effluent on farms, reducing landfill footprints in remote, inaccessible places.


*Reduce organic waste in volume
*Enhance soil condition
*Reduce smelly odours
*Speed up the rate of decomposition
*Enable organic matter to be reused to promote the growth of other plants and animals

♥Inorganic Pesticide♥

Inorganic pesticides do not contain carbon as part of their chemical composition. These compounds usually have relatively low molecular weights and often contain less than 10 atoms. Several inorganic salts (often white and crystalline) are classified in this category of pesticides. A few inorganic pesticides have been used for more than 1000 years but their use increased dramatically from 1850 to 1950. The popularity of many inorganic pesticides declined after the development of more effective and less persistent organic pesticides.

☻Lemon Grass Planting☺

Lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus -is an unusual tropical grass as an essential flavoring in South East Asian cooking. Its bright lemony scent is used in drinks, curries and soups. It is delicious in tea with cloves. It’s rich in vitamin A. Its oil also has many industrial and medicinal uses.

☻Lemon grass Growing Conditions☻

Grow in a frost-free place in full sun or light shade. The herb likes moist, well-drained soil that is slightly acidic. It grows best in warm, humid conditions. It can also be grown in a container or in the greenhouse. If you move your plant outdoors for the summer, allow it to acclimatize over a number of days, first placing it in shade, then moving it to part shade before giving it full sun.

☻Lemon grass Cultivation☻

The plant can be grown from seed or division. The many varieties available, mostly used in commercial cultivation, do not come true from seed, and seeds germinate slowly, so vegetative propagation is usually preferred. Lift and cut apart clumps in early spring or fall. Space 3 feet apart. Lemon grass is clump forming and does not runner and become invasive like some grasses. Water regularly in summer.

☻Graphics, Science and Arts☻
T.L.E. 50

Bookbinding - is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching covers to the resulting text-block.

♣Hardcover binding♣

A hardcover, hardbound book has rigid covers and is stitched in the spine. Looking from the top of the spine, the book can be seen to consist of a number of signitures bound together. When the book is opened in the middle of a signature, the binding threads are visible. Signatures of hardcover books are typically octavo (a single sheet folded three times), though they may also be folio, quarto, or 16mo. Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes bound with wire.

♥Methods of hardcover binding♥

There are a number of methods used to bind hardcover books, from them:
Oversewing- where the signatures of the book start off as loose pages which are then clamped together. Small vertical holes are punched through the far left-hand edge of each signature, and then the signatures are sewn together with lock-stitches to form the text block.
Sewing through the fold- where the signatures of the book are folded and stitched through the fold. The signatures are then sewn or glued together at the spine to form a text block. In contrast to the previous method, through-the-fold books have wide margins and can open completely flat.
Double-fan adhesive binding -starts off with two signatures of loose pages, which are run over a roller--"fanning" the pages—to apply a thin layer of glue to each page edge. Then the two signatures are perfectly aligned to form a text block, and glue edges of the text block are attached to a piece of cloth lining to form the spine.

☻Rubber Stamping☻

☻Foods II- Baking☻
T.L.E. 11

Baking- is a technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by convection, and not by radiation, normally in an an oven, but also in hot stones. It is primarily used of bread, cakes, pastries, and pies, tarts, quiches, cookies and crackers.

Cake - is a form of food, typically a sweet, baked dessert. Cakes normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid and leavening agents such as yeast or baking powder. Flavorful ingredients like fruit purées, nuts or extracts are often added, and numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible.

☻Brownies☻

Ingredients:
1c. cocoa

¾ c. margarine
1t. baking powder
2t. vanilla
2c. brown sugar
1 ½ c. APF
4 pcs. eggs
½ c. milk

Procedure:
Pre-heat the oven.
Cream margarine.
Add sugar gradually, then add whole eggs & vanilla.
Add flour mixture ( flour, baking powder & cocoa).
Add chopped peanuts.
Spread in a greased square pan.
Bake until brownies begin to put away from sides.
Cool & cut into 2 squares.
Serve with chopped peanuts on top.